DOCUMENTING BORROWED MATERIALS
I. WORKS CITED OR BIBLIOGRAPHY
Most research papers include a Works Cited or Bibliography section at the end: a list of books and other published material used in writing the paper. The Works Cited or Bibliography section serves two purposes:
Generally, Works Cited sections reflect works quoted in the text, while Bibliography, more broadly, includes all works read for the paper.
The citation suggestions made here are based on the format established by the Modern Language Association (MLA) with whose permission the following has been made available. Students should be aware that other formats exist and may be required by other schools or individual instructors.
MLA Style has three major features. First, all sources cited in a paper are listed in the Works Cited, which is located at the end of the paper (see detailed instructions below). Second, material borrowed from another source is documented within the text of the paper by the use of Parenthetical Documentation (See section on "Parenthetical Documentation".) Third, numbered footnotes or endnotes are only used to present supplementary information such as: (1) commentary or explanation that the text cannot accommodate and (2) bibliographical notes that contain several source citations.
RULES FOR WRITING WORKS CITED or BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Alphabetize all entries according to the first word of each entry. Do not consider A, An, or The when alphabetizing.
- If the first word is identical in two entries, alphabetize those entries by the first letter that differentiates the two.
- Follow the style sheet carefully for order of names and punctuation.
- Single space within an entry, and double space the entire list between entries.
(1) Print, Audio, Film and Video Media Citations
When citing information from print, audio, film, and video provide the following general categories of information. Start each entry at the margin. If the entry goes beyond one line, indent the next lines five spaces or use the Tab key or hanging indent if using a word processor.
- Name of author, or editor (if author is unknown) followed by a period.
- Portions of entire works are followed by a period and enclosed in quotation mark.
| chapter |
poem |
episode of a TV program |
| article |
essay |
lecture
|
| song |
short story |
 |
- Title of a complete work (underlined) followed by a period.
| book |
magazine |
TV program |
| long poem |
newspaper |
work of art |
| play |
journal |
record/CD album |
| pamphlet |
film |
musical composition |
| legal case |
ballet |
name of ship or aircraft |
- City of publication followed by a colon.
- Publisher followed by a comma.
- Date of publication (day first, then month and year) followed by a period except if page numbers are to be listed. When pages are listed, separate date and pages by a colon.
- Volume number, issue number , page number
(s) followed by a period.
BOOKS
| ONE AUTHOR |
Forester, C. S. The Barbary Pirates. New
York: Random House, 1993. |
| TWO AUTHORS |
- Havemann, Ernest, and Patricia West.
They Went to College. New York:
Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1992.
|
| THREE OR MORE AUTHORS |
Campbell, Angus, Philip Converse and
Donald Stokes. The American Voter.
New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994. |
| IN TRANSLATION |
Dostoevski, Feodor. Crime and
Punishment. Trans. Jessie Coulson.
New York: Norton, 1984. |
PARTS OF BOOKS
| ANTHOLOGY
ANTHOLOGY SELECTION |
Gunn, Giles, ed. Literature and Religion.
New York: Harper, 1971.
Aiken, Conrad. "Silent Snow, Secret
Snow." American Literature. Ed.
Edward J. Gordon. Boston: Ginn and
Co., 1967: 191-94. |
| ONE CHAPTER |
Campbell, John E. "New Power for
Peace." The Atomic Story. New York:
Henry Holt and Company, 1991:
261-79. |
REFERENCE ARTICLE
with author
no author given
less familiar or subject reference book
|
Mitman, Carl W. "Reynolds, Edwin."
Dictionary of American Biography.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons,
1993, VIII: 517-518.
"Political Parties." Compton's
Encyclopedia. 1991 ed.
Trainer, Isaac. N. "Religious Directives
in Medical Ethics." Encyclopedia of
Bioethics. Ed. Watten T. Reich.
Vol. 3. New York: Free Press, 1988.
4 vols.
|
ARTICLES
MISCELLANEOUS
| RADIO or TV PROGRAM |
"The Case for Capital Punishment."
Dateline NBC. NBC. WDIV, Detroit.
1 December 1997.
Murder, She Wrote. CBS. WJBK, Detroit.
22 May 1988.
|
| INTERVIEW |
- Naught, John. Personal interview.
12 May 1988.
|
| RECORDING |
Bon Jovi, Jon. Slippery When Wet. With
Dave Bryan, Richie Sambora, Alec
John Such, Tico Torves, and Jon Bon
Jovi. Polygram Records, 830264-4 MI,
1986. |
| FILMSTRIP or VIDEO |
Prison and Prison Reform. Prentice Hall
Media. 1974.
All the President's Men. Videocassette.
Robert Redford. CBS. Video, 1979.
127 min.
|
(2) ELECTRONIC MEDIA
When citing information from CD-ROMs, online databases, and computer networks, provide the following general categories of information using a hanging indentation:
- Name of author, editor (if author is unknown) followed by a period.
- Title of poem, short story, or article within a database followed by a period and enclosed in quotation marks. Title of posting to discussion list or forum (copied from subject line) followed by a period and enclosed in quotation marks.
- Title of book, database, periodical or site (underlined) followed by a period.
- Name of editor, compiler.
- Version number, volume number, issue number.
- Date of electronic publication, update, or posting (day first, then month and year) followed by a period.
- Number range or total number of pages, paragraphs, or sections, if they are numbered.
- Name of any institution or organization sponsoring or associated with the web site followed by a period.
- Date of access.
- URL in angle
brackets followed by a period
or, for a subscription service, the URL of the
service's main page (if known) or the keyword
assigned by the service.
(This model represents an abridged form of the current MLA requirements; for more detailed citations of electronic media, see the MLA Handbook, or consult the MLA web site at <http://www.mla.org.style/sources.htm>)
or the Grosse Pointe Public Schools Library Media Center
web site <http://www.gpschools.org/library/recommended.htm>).
| ELECTRONIC ENCYCLOPEDIA |
Ardaugh, John. "France." Online posting.
Encyclopedia Americana Online.
version 2.9. 2000. Grolier. 5 May 2000
<http://ea.grolier.com> |
| ONLINE DATABASES
CD DATABASE
EMAIL
WEBSITES |
Rosenmann, Larry. "Water Watch."
Conservationist April 1997: 13.
EBSCO.
Cannon, Carl M. "U.S. Plans Cleanup of
Waters." Baltimore Sun 19 Feb. 1998:
1A+. SIRS, Researcher.
McLaughlin, Abraham. "EPA Floats
New Program To Save America's
Rivers." The Christian Science Monitor
5 March 1998: 3. NewsBank. 10 May,
2000 <http://infoweb.newsbank.com/>.
Smith, Jack. "Family history and
multicultural study." Multicultural
Education. Volume 6, 1998: Wilson
Select. 10 May, 2000
<http://firstsearch.oclc.org>.
"Marshall, Thurgood." Current Biography,
1954. Wilson Biographies. 10 May,
2000 <http://vweb.hwwilsonweb.com/
cgi-bin/auto_login.cgi>.
"Detroit Regional Yacht-Racing
Association Listings." 8 May 1996.
22 September 1998
<www.eecg.toronto.edu/~martin/detroit>.
"Preventing Urban Water Pollution."
City of Topeka Department of Public
Works. Internet. 3 June 1998
<Infoseek.com>.
"Margaret (Eleanor) Atwood." DISCovering
Authors. version 2.0. Farmington Hills,
Michigan: Gale Research, 1996.
Brode, Mary Elizabeth. "Ireland Travel
Guide" Email to Ryan Coffey
20 September 1998.
<brodem@aol.com>.
"Geographic Health Recommendations:
Western Europe." Center for Disease
Control and Prevention. 30 July 1998.
22 September 1998
<cdc.gov/travel/index.htm>.
|
Sample WORKS CITED (Bibliography)
"An Anglo-Chicano Lexicon." Time. 4 July 1969: 18.
Brody, Jane E. "Multiple Cancers Termed on Increase." New
York Times. 10 Oct. 1976: sec. A: 17.
Bronte, Emily. Collected Poems. Ed. Joseph Schmidt. London:
Oxford UP, 1981. U. of California Internet Library.
12 Oct. 1995. <http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/>.
Guggenheim Museum. 6 December , 1997
<http://www.guggenheim.org/shocked.html>.
Havemann, Ernest, and Patricia West. They Went to College.
New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1952.
Satchell, Michael. "Taking Back the Land That Once was So
Pure." U.S. News & World Report. 4 May 1998:
v. 124 no.17. First Search, Wilson Select.
<http://firstsearch.oclc.org/dbname=WilsonSelect;timeout=
1800;done=referer;FSIP>.
|